Introduction to Geography-Montessori

Prologue to Geography The world is getting littler, we presently live in a worldwide town because of our amplified specialized aptitudes. It is today as simple to fly from eg. Dublin to Rome as it was to go from Dublin to Cork 150 years prior, also trips to the moon and back. Topography has ended up being the investigation of man in space. Between broad communications and regular travel the youngster is shelled with impressions about the planet he lives on. In today’s world the youngster hears irregular words, names of nations with upheavels and wars and they get frightened. They truly need to know where they are, even for a bigger scope. It is smarter to comprehend that a ton of things occur far away and not in my neighborhood. This will give them some feeling that all is well with the world. Geology is a study of earth annd its life-it incorporates a portrayal of land, water and air. The underlying foundations of word geology are greek and it implies portrayal of the earth. When we talk about topography with 3-6 years it implies planting a few seeds of intrigue and it isn't implied that we should educate so for what reason do we have it? A youngster has his human inclinations for direction; investigation and request. We additionally give kid names, which reacts to the child’s human propensities for correspondence and delicate period for language. Be that as it may, the other delicate periods additionally have an impact and to finish everything off the kid likewise has a permeable psyche. Topography is introduced as an augmentation of the language program in our rooms, since it contains aural composed 7 read parts. Maria Montessori called her little topography set-up â€Å"an prologue to the world’. It has an all encompassing methodology, beginning with the entire and consummation in subtleties (start with the globe, at that point continents†¦eventually to where they live). The reason with geology is 2 overlap. First you should give the kid exercises, which help him to arrange impressions and data. Furthermore in rudimentary you should acquaint the kid with his place in the cosmos(Universe). This will at last end in the investigation of biology. As in all fields inside expanded language segment the world could be generally isolated into three sections. 1. One managing reasonable life, I. e pouring with land and water structures 2. The sensorial keys-the sandpaper globe and shading globe, mainland map, guide of Europe, guide of Asia, America, Africa Ireland. 3. Language in its different stages I. e names of land and water structures, names of landmasses and seas, geology envelopes demonstrating pictures from nations and individuals in that oral, composed and read language. As a handy life practice the distinctive land and water structures are introduced as a pouring activity. The models are made out of earth and put on little heating plate. The youngster will get a sensorial impression of what these water/land frames truly are. Later the youngster will have picture cards/characterized cards, which will show them something very similar, a lake/an island and so on there are six pairs)and much later they will return as language expansions first with the photos just in he pre-understanding stage and afterward with the naming and perusing in the arranged understanding stage and significantly later in perusing practice with the definition stages. The materials are: 1. The globes the offspring of ? a long time encounters a top in his visual affectability to shape. Globes help him to frame his impressions of the world and he can see it. We begin with a little globe with harsh and smooth territories. This offers the kid and chance to a. Handle generally what shape his planet is and . Sensorially investigate by contacting the land and water appropriation on the outside of the planet The land is harsh and water is smooth. Expressions like â⠂¬Å"as the world turns† will take on another importance for the youngster. This globe is trailed by the shaded globe. It is comparative fit as a fiddle to the principal globe however here the various mainlands are hued in different hues here we give the language of landmass and sea. 2. Puzzle maps The youngster will become acquainted with their reality. The eastern and western half of the globe permits the youngster to see the entire world without a moment's delay, however smoothed. The riddle movement upgrades the tactile impression of the mainlands at first absolutely sensorial however when the youngster himself starts to request names they are given by a 3-period exercise. Maps of every mainland is then given-they show the political parcels of the landmasses into nations. We generally start with the child’s own landmass and afterward continue by following the youngster, ordinarily doing each side of the equator in turn. To be referenced is that the handles of the riddle maps are set where one finds the capital of every nation this is a circuitous groundwork for later work. The handles additionally fill in as an aberrant groundwork for composing, similarly as with the geometrical structures prior. 3. Naming At the sensorial level names are given after the types of the riddles are found out. Anyway it’s normal for the kid in Montessori schools to know the names of the considerable number of nations and districts of the child’s own nation/mainland. At a later stage the kid can likewise do a coordinating action with banners ,and later (at understanding stage) maps are furnished with the names of the nations and capitals (pin maps). There ought to consistently be a remain with banners from the nations of the children’s own landmass. They are there to give the kids a thought of countries that represent units. There are numerous nations on the planet with a wide range of individuals, however we’re all produced using a similar material. This is unequivocally delivered in the image envelopes we’ve made, which ought to be a piece of each Montessori condition. They ought to be shading coded, following the shades of the shading globe-with three altogether for each globe. The primary set shows general photos of the landmasses The subsequent set shows individuals, items, places and plants The third set is all the more socially slanted with engineering, nourishments, craftsmanship, and transportation and so on. The readied condition ought to give every one of these things referenced and furthermore books and anecdotes about individuals of the world-to help and give the youngsters keys to the universe of topography. All the materials ought to be kept in a unique section of the room, on uncommon racks know about not over-burdening. It is significant too that the directress should make a decent affinity between the youngster and the material. This can mostly be accomplished through handy life exercises, which put kids into pragmatic contact with kids, e. g. step by step instructions to pour land and water structures, how to dry, cleaning globes, tidying maps, how to convey the globes, how to take out the riddle maps, how to return it and how to convey them. Later the youngster will figure out how to place pins into the pin maps and you will tell the kid the best way to hold the banner in one’s hand and painstakingly put it in the nation where it ought to be and later present the names and fundamental urban communities. You ought to likewise, in the earth, have a little box with drawers for the kid at understanding stage. From this they can take out names of mainlands and nations and so forth and name them on the riddle maps. There ought to likewise be a decent chart book and if conceivable a huge conventional globe as well. Work of art in geology could comprise of making banners utilizing the rectangular inset of metal insets as a base for the banner( at this stage the youngster will be 4 †4 ? a long time). The youngsters can likewise draw frameworks of the mainlands on the paper for the metal insets and shading them in, making a booklet of the landmasses.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Conversation - Essay Example There is a great deal of debasement on the planet which makes individuals disregard the fundamental issue, which is wellbeing. Underdeveloped nations expanding populace makes it harder for governments to concentrate on one significant angle which is acceptable wellbeing and appropriate sanitation. Destitution, debasement and uncontrolled populace are some away from for the absence of a solid life in numerous pieces of the world. Notwithstanding, the idea that everything is great in the First World and things are irredeemable in the Third World is an exaggeration. While sound propensities and individual cleanliness are better taken care of in created nations on account of their monetary solidness, the way that clinical administrations have gotten incredibly costly in these nations represents a danger to average citizens when they are required to take delayed treatment for their diseases. In addition, the eventual outcomes of downturn make it hard for individuals in created nations to purchase quality food in the worldwide market, while those in the Third World are as yet ready to have solid food on consistent schedule because of the nearby markets that don’t charge over the top prizes for meat, fish, products of the soil. The facts demonstrate that in places like India, the possibility of cleanliness openly puts in need to develop in request to fulfill global guidelines. In any case, huge scope contamination from modern zones that hurt the whole world comes for the most part from the First World, as they move indiscriminately towards benefit. When contrasted with this disaster, a way of life change among average citizens in the Third World would be simpler, with appropriate mindfulness programs. Issues of neediness can by one way or another be overseen, yet the other two issues, of defilement and populace, are to be tended to all the more genuinely, and a farsighted way to deal with limit them ought to be the need of governments. 2. Giving the methods for a sound life to the world’s individuals is excessively expensive. Poor choices are made regular with regards to taking care of our families so as to maintain a strategic distance from such an

Essay Examples For Leaving Certificate

Essay Examples For Leaving CertificateEssay samples are always the key to writing a perfect and best essay. You can find it very easy if you follow some simple guidelines which you will find in most of the resources that are available on the internet. These guides give you the right methodology and steps that will guide you through writing a personal essay. You should never forget that each person is different and each person has different requirements for writing a personal essay and you have to focus on this fact when you are writing an essay.Remember that a person has to feel inspired when they are writing an essay. They should be given hints and advices by others and be provided enough space for their thoughts and opinions. This is the only way to write a proper essay.Personal essay samples for leaving certificate are also a form of research for the person who has to write a research paper on a specific topic. You will find a lot of tips and techniques in these samples that will help you understand and evaluate your own essay. Therefore, you should take it seriously and do not slack off because it is a tough task.There are certain criteria that you should consider when writing your essay and you have to base your exam on them. These include the theme of the essay, the overall structure of the essay, the student, the fact pattern, the writer, the problem statement, the main idea, the author and the conclusion. You can find all these pieces of information online and you can also get a lot of ideas from these samples.The first thing that you should do before writing your personal essay samples for leaving certificate is to gather all the information about the topics that you want to cover in your essay. Make sure that you will be able to put these topics together effectively and that the essay is in fact a thesis. The overall theme of the essay will also reflect the overall thesis.The next step is to decide on the kind of essay that you want to write. You can start with a literary one or a technical one. The most important aspect of the essay is the thesis. If you have the right content for your essay then you will be able to write a thesis without any difficulty.Writing essays requires some concentration and you should be able to devote some time to research on some interesting topics and make use of the personal essay samples for leaving certificate. Most of the times, you will come across sample essays on your quest. When you get a sample, you should remember that it is a reflection of your own essay and that you should do a good editing and proofreading work on it.Personal essay samples for leaving certification are available online. You should make use of these resources and get inspiration from these samples. You should note that a good thesis can only be written well if the essay is in line with the quality standards of the college.

Chapter 4 Was A Great Read, I Feel As Though This World

Chapter 4 was a great read, I feel as though this world often creates many stereotypes about illnesses such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, clinical Depression, and many other mental afflictions within the youth. Another that seems to remain controversial and misunderstood is sexual compulsive behavior that the youth have. Many see it as an excuse to act a certain way, or think a certain way; in reality it is a serious mental disorder that can cause devastating effects on the people that are consumed by them and the people who are around them. Something that is however, known about sexual compulsive behaviors is that there are certain things that can emotionally damage a person and cause them to have these behaviors. The three major†¦show more content†¦And if it is not addressed properly, then it cannot be fixed correctly. I know watching a family member continue to fight this battle is very hard. And the youth these days do not see the harm that they are doing to themselves. He is actually fighting for his life now as the results of every type of drug abuse and alcohol abuse you can think of. Young people need to be good listeners, be accepting and don’t have a negative mind. Drug abuse is thought to be a multidetermined, maladaptive way of coping with life problems that often become habitual and leads to a progressive deterioration in life circumstances. Drug abuse is a disease in its own way. It’s damaging, mentally, physically and emotionally with each party involved. When it comes to each party involved that also means family members as well. Youth will find a way to but some sort of blame of the family for their drug addiction. Family members can be a crucial part or a great aspect of the therapy depending the situation or how important that family member plays a role in their life. Family plays an important role in our emotional development since each individual in the family system impacts and its impacted by the others. 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The Broader Picture Of Education - 924 Words

The Broader Picture of Education Most kids go to school expecting to learn the basic math problems, and how to spell â€Å"appreciate†. But in all honestly school is bigger than that, education has a broader picture. It’s learning life lessons and basic knowledge of the world around them. It helps them become a better person to be around and work with. Education is important in many ways. Students learn to solve the bigger problems as well as learning communication and organizational skills which are key components to success not only in school, but out of school as well; but these important life lessons are becoming more difficult to achieve due to the growth of technology. Through the learning of the basic subjects in school like Math, English and Science, I learned how to solve bigger problems. Like using my brain to find different ways to solve a problem. There is always a broader picture. â€Å"Education does not have a single purpose; it serves multiple objective s, and the relative importance of each of these objectives can be very personal. The varied emphasis is a result of the diverse economic, social, spiritual, cultural, and political realities of our individual lives† (Jones). In English, it’s not always just reading a book that book is helping students expand their vocabulary, mind and imagination as well as making real world connections. We all know that memorizing specific terms for the parts of a cell in biology is much less engaging than learning how a cellShow MoreRelatedSociological Imagination Coined By Sociologist C. Wright Mills1138 Words   |  5 Pagescan be viewed to a broader extent. Because it is believed that the individuals’ life and the history of society cannot be understood by not understanding the relation between the two (Mills 1959). American sociologist C. 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In 1852, he wrote The Idea of a University in which he expressed his opinions about what a liberal arts education should be, and what it supposedly would be in a Catholic University (Dunbar-Odam 107). In this essay, NewmanRead MoreEducational Spaces : Not Only Transmitted Through People804 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy, male and female students gave a speech to an audience in a virtual-reality classroom that either had pictures of male politicians (i.e., Bill Clinton), female politicians (i.e., Hillary Clinton or Angela Merkel) or no photo. When participants saw no pictures or the picture of a male politician, men outperformed women both in length and quality of speeches. However, placing pictures of prominent female politicians eliminated the performance gap, prompting women to deliver better and longer

Self-harm Drug Abuse in the United States - 836 Words

In today’s society, doing drugs is one of the most common forms self-harm. Drug legalization is one of the most argued topics because people do not know whether or not there should be limitations on what people are allowed to do their bodies. This form of self-harm has been debated for decades and continues today because people could not come to an agreement. There are some people who believe that people should be allowed to do anything with their bodies. Nevertheless, there are a number of people who argue that there should be limitations on what people can do with their bodies. In this paper, I will argue that drugs should not be legalized because they are harmful to the individual and also will be damaging to the society. John Stuart Mill’s harm principle states, â€Å"The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of the community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others† (M.S Gendreau). This means that people should be allowed to do whatever they please and they should always take accountability for their own actions if they cause direct harm to others. Mill’s principle demonstrates that it is acceptable for one to do wrongdoings and harm oneself; however, it is awfully wrong that their wrongdoings impact other’s lives in a negative way. His principle elevates many questions regarding the consequences of drugs, whether drugs only negatively impacts on the individual who is using it or on others as well. By looking at the legalization ofShow MoreRelatedThe Crime Of A Victimless Crime908 Words   |  4 Pagesthat drug dealing,use, and abuse is a victimless crime, but they are wrong. We have to ask ourselves what makes a crime a crime? We know that crime is an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law. However, it also consists of actions that cause harm. With harm, there are in fact victims, although the harm may not be directly implied to just one person, there still victims that are infected by the crime. With the topic of drugs , weRead MoreUse Of Methadone As A Harm Reduction Therapy1491 Words   |  6 PagesI also agree with Bourgois and Schonberg about the use of methadone as a harm reduction therapy. However, I did not always feel as confident in the use of methadone as form of harm reduction treatment. The authors discussed the individual experiences of Tina, Carter, and Petey with methadone and harm reduction therapies. Their experiences consisted of guilt for unsuccessful treatment periods, relapsing, overdosing, and strict rules. The common theme that I noticed was a will to try, a desire to reduceRead MoreShould We Fight The War On Dru gs?1678 Words   |  7 Pagesor use of drugs is looked upon as a victimless crime which is why many believe that the government should not intervene to cut back on the large amount of money spent to fight the war on drugs. They may argue that decriminalization of drugs would reduce harm, crime and be beneficial with taxation. What many fail to realize is that the legalization of all drugs will only increase child abuse, increase funding for medical help and crimes that people are unaware is caused by substance abuse. The onlyRead MoreSchool Based Drug Use Prevention Programs1333 Words   |  6 PagesSchool-based drug use prevention programs have been an important part of the United State’s anti drug campaign since the late 70’s. Although there have been many different programs of all shapes and sizes, none have been bigger or more iconic than the D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program. D.A.R.E. was created in 1983 by the Los Angeles Police Department and the Los Angeles Unified School District. D.A.R.E. uses specially trained law enforcement officers to teach drug use preventionRead MoreChapter 5 81060 Words   |  5 Pagesavailability. Most common intimacy relationship is from family, partners, and close friends that usually involve healthy and unhealthy characteristics. This chapter explains on how to improve the ability to communicate with others by learning appropriate self-disclosure, becoming a better listener, using non-verbal communication and resolving conflict through communication. Finally, this chapter discusses how committed relationships to be important to develop successful relationships. In this chapterRead MoreAnabolic Steroids And Its Effects On The Brain1608 Words   |  7 Pagesintensify protein production in cells, leading to enlarged muscles, rather steroids contain various hormones including testosterone. 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Cartel behaviour of Australian Mining-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.List potential cartel behaviour of ventures with particular reference to an Australian mining or petroleum resource joint venture. 2.List the defence to cartel behaviour. 3.List the duties and responsibilities of the manager/operator in a resource joint venture. 4.How can such duties be exploited to create a cartel behaviour. 5.What fiduciary responsibilities does the manager/operator have to the participants of tge joint venture. Answers: 1.Potential cartel behavior of ventures. A cartel is a group of businesses, operating in the same market , who instead of competing with one another, form agreements, contracts or a mutual understanding with the motive to fix and control prices, engage in collusive tendering or bid rigging, allocate market shares and suppliers, and restrict output. Any business which in collusion with a competitor, partakes in the aforementioned activities, either intentionally or unintentionally, is said to be engaged in cartel behavior or conduct[1]. Joint venture is a term referring to two or more companies pooling its resources and expertise to achieve a mutually beneficial goal. Naturally this may require the participating companies to share details regarding some of their operational details as well as lay down strategies, including agreements regarding of pricing, supply as well as market strategies. Therefore, joint ventures most certainly end up flouting anti-competitive laws by owing to its very nature[2]. The petroleum industry i s a sector which engages in a lot of joint ventures which may ultimately lead to some joint price fixing agreement or joint advertisement or agreement to sell all output to a single customer. An example would be of the joint venture of Woodside Energy, Benaris International and Origin Energy Resources which, in 2010, launched a joint marketing campaign for LPG. Consequently this implies that sale price of LPG by all the participants was pre-determined and equal to the same advertised price[3]. This technically could be classified as price fixing of cartel conduct. 2.Defense to cartel behavior. Despite the criminalization of cartel behavior in Australia as per the Competition and Consumer Act, there exists certain exemptions that are allowed for particular situations where cartel behavior might be observed. Such exceptions could include cases where there has been authorized sanctioning for the sake of public benefit where by it is deduced that the public benefits might over shadow the detrimental effects and as such upon a formal appeal to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), exceptions to acts, such as, price fixing, restriction of outputs, bid rigging and allocation of market and suppliers could be granted[4]; Joint Ventures in which, if the venture deals with production or supply and has the terms of their agreement which deals with the cartel conduct compiled in the form of a binding contract, exemptions are allowed[5]; Cases relating to collective bargaining which relates to provisions involving price fixing, allocation of suppliers and customers or restriction of output and not under any circumstance include bid rigging; Collective acquisitions which deals with cases relating to mainly price fixing where the parties may seek to jointly or collectively acquire the collections from the goods or services or perhaps may be interested in joint advertisement where by it could amount to price fixing; Anti-overlap provisions which are mainly technical exemptions arising out of overlap with other provisions such as contracts that could directly or indirectly influence competition, resale prices, and exclusive dealings, companies that may be dual listed and acquisition; Finally, agreement between related corporates also fall under exemption given that they do not share a competitive positioning in the market[6]. 3.Duties and responsibilities of the manager/operator in a resource joint venture. An operator or manager in the context of a joint venture is an entity which acts as an agent of the participating organizations or companies, to undertake and oversee the management of the joint venture. It holds the responsibility of carrying out the entire operational process of the venture on behalf of the all parent companies. An operator could be a third party who is assigned to the role on a contractual basis or it could be one of the partners who have the functional expertise to carry out the project operations. Irrespectively, the manager or operator is granted exclusive authority to conduct and manage the activities of the project either through its own resources or by means of delegation after due approval of the parent companies. It is obligated to relay all information and knowledge that is accumulated in due course of the operations in order to uphold interests and rights of all members in the venture[7]. The operator is in turn answerable to the management committee, se t up for the sole purpose of representing the participants. It is to be noted that the operator is expected to act in the best interests of the joint venture and not of any individual participant or self and deliver the best service it is capable of. Additionally, the operator is responsible for all aspects of operation including engaging with third parties on a contractual basis, handling budgeted expenses of the project and dealing with emergency expenses arising out of injuries that may have resulted as a consequence of the operational process. Therefore, the operator holds the right to expend money as per requirement for the project which fall outside the sanctioned budget. It is also responsible for the joint assets including intellectual property of the participants for the duration of time it is engaged in the project. Finally the agency responsible for the operations of the joint venture is expected to transcend the cultural differences of the different parties to ensure smo oth running of the process[8]. 4.How can such duties be exploited to create a cartel behavior? Owing to the fact that an operator may engage with third parties, such as suppliers , on a contractual agreement under its own name and not as an agency of the participants, however under the authorization of the Joint operations agreement for the interest of the project in its undertaking , the parent organizations may utilize the situation as a loophole to distance itself while engaging in collusive activities such as exchanging information, limiting outputs and colluding with suppliers which amounts to cartel behavior[9]. This is made possible since, an operator, provided that it is a contractual one, is put in charge of the property, assets as well as functional control of the project and thus has the autonomy to interact with the local suppliers and other third parties who may provide scope for collusion, on behalf of the parent companies and allow them to stay under the legal radar. 5.What fiduciary responsibilities does the manager/operator have to the participants of the joint venture? Fiduciary refers to the confidentiality and loyalty that is expected out of member parties engaged in any kind of mutual agreement[10]. Fiduciary duty for the most part depends on the terms of the contract that exists between operator and the other parties involved in the venture. However, generally an operator or any participant of a joint venture is implicitly expected to act in the best interests of the joint venture entity, superseding any prospects of profits that they alone may be solely subject to which could jeopardize the venture. An operator is expected to put in their best efforts in running of the operations under their charge and abide by the confidentiality of the information regarding the participants that may be shared. It is also expected that the operator would respect the directives of any supervising authority, such as a technical committee or the management committee and report all findings, developments and expenses to the representatives of the participants[11] References Benaris International Pty Limited, Woodside Energy Limited, Origin Energy Resources Limited Response To Submission to The Australian Competition And Consumer Commission (2010)(Australian Competition and Consumer Committee, 2010) Cartels(2018) Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Competition And Consumer Act 2010 (2016) Legislation.gov.au Competition Issues in Resources Projects: Marketing Agreements between JV Partners - Anti-Trust/Competition Law - Australia (2013) Mondaq.com Cosgun, Huseyin,Criminalising Cartels: Theory and Practice in The UK And Australia(The Interdisciplinary Centre for Competition Law and Policy, 2013) Dume, Philippe and Sergey Frank, "Managing International Joint Ventures" (2015) 26(1) London Business School Review Duncan, William D.Joint ventures law in Australia. Federation Press, (2012). Harner, Michelle M., and Jamie Marincic. "The Naked Fiduciary." Ariz. L. Rev. 54 (2012): 879. Killing, Peter.Strategies for joint venture success (RLE international business). Vol. 22. Routledge, (2012). Kooroshy, Jaakko, Felix Preston and Sin Bradley,Cartels and Competition in Minerals Markets: Challenges for Global Governance(The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2014, 2014) Cartels(2018) Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Competition Issues In Resources Projects: Marketing Agreements Between JV Partners - Anti-Trust/Competition Law - Australia (2013) Mondaq.com Benaris International Pty Limited, Woodside Energy Limited, Origin Energy Resources Limited Response To Submission To The Australian Competition And Consumer Commission (2010) (Australian Competition and Consumer Committee, 2010) Competition And Consumer Act 2010 (2016) Legislation.gov.au Duncan, William D.Joint ventures law in Australia. Federation Press, (2012). Huseyin Cosgun, Criminalising Cartels: Theory And Practice In The UK And Australia (The Interdisciplinary Centre for Competition Law and Policy, 2013) Philippe Dume and Sergey Frank, "Managing International Joint Ventures" (2015) 26(1) London Business School Review. Peter Killing, Strategies for Joint Venture Success (Rle International Business) (Routledge, 2014). Jaakko Kooroshy, Felix Preston and Sin Bradley, Cartels And Competition In Minerals Markets: Challenges For Global Governance (The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2014, 2014) Harner, Michelle M., and Jamie Marincic. "The Naked Fiduciary." Ariz. L. Rev. 54 (2012): 879. Duncan, William D.Joint ventures law in Australia. Federation Press, (2012).

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Learning Chapters on Project Procurement Management Essays

Learning Chapters on Project Procurement Management Essays Learning Chapters on Project Procurement Management Paper Learning Chapters on Project Procurement Management Paper After reading this chapter, you will b understand the Importance of prop Increasing use of outsourcing for info Describe the work involved in planning determining the proper type of contract t management plan, statement of work, so buy analysis Discuss what is involved in conducting obtaining seller responses, selects Understand the process of admit meet relationships and monitor Describe the process of closing Discuss types of software avail management Marie McBride could not believe how much money her company was paying for outside consultants to help the company finish an important operating system conversion project. The consulting companys proposal said it would provide experienced professionals who had completed similar conversions, and that the Job would be finished in six months or less with four consultants working full time. Nine months later her company was still paying high consulting fees, and half of the original consultants on the project had been replaced with new people. One new consultant had graduated from college only two months before and had extremely poor communications skills. Marries internal staff complained that they were wasting time training some of these experienced professionals. Marie talked to her companys purchasing manager about the contract, fees, and special clauses that might be relevant to the problems they were experiencing. Marie was dismayed at how difficult it was to interpret the contract. It was very long and obviously written by someone with a legal background. When she asked what her company could do since the consulting firm was not following Its proposal, the purchasing manager stated that the proposal was not part of the official contract. Marries company was paying for time and materials, not specific deliverables. There was no clause stating the minimum experience level required for the consultants, nor were there penalty clauses for not completing the work on time. There was a termination clause, however, meaning the company could terminate the contract. Marble wondered why her company had signed such a poor contract. Was there a better way to deal with procuring services from outside the company? Although global outsourcing displaces some IT workers, total employment In the united States increases, according to IOTA, as the benefits ripple through the economy. I en Incremental economic actual TTY Tanat Tools outscore II outsourcing creates over 257,000 net new Jobs in 2005 and is expected to create over 337,000 net new Jobs by 462 P oliticians debate on whether offshore outsourcing helps their own country or not. Andy Boor, chief operating officer of a computer network support service provider, describes outsourcing as an essential part of a healthy business diet. He describes good vs.. Bad outsourcing as something like good vs.. Bad cholesterol. He says that most people view offshore outsourcing as being bad because it takes Jobs away from domestic workers. However, many companies are realizing that they can use offshore outsourcing and create more Jobs at home. For example, Atlanta-based Delta Air Lines created 1,000 call-center Jobs in India in 2003, saving $25 million, which enabled it to add 1,200 Job positions for reservations and sales agents in the United States. 2 Other companies, like Wall-Mart, successfully manage the majority of their information technology projects in-house with very little commercial software and no outsourcing at all. (See the Suggested Reading on the companion Web site on Wall- Marts Way. ) Deciding whether to outsource, what to outsource, and how to outsource are important topics for many organizations throughout the world. In a 2008 survey, 74 percent of 600 global procurement executives believed that procurement issues are a high priority for their companies. About half of respondents also said that their companies focus too much on cost reduction instead of value creation. They also believe they are missing opportunities by not focusing on using technology to improve procurement processes. For example, 72 percent of respondents have less than 10 percent of their spend channeled through procurement and sourcing applications. 3 Most organizations use some form of outsourcing to meet their information technology needs, spending most money within their own country. A 2008 report on IT outsourcing trends in the U. S. And Canada revealed the following: Application development is the most popular form of IT outsourcing and was used by 53 percent of organizations surveyed. Of the surveyed organizations, 44 percent outsourced application maintenance, 40 percent outsourced Web site or e-commerce systems, and 37 percent outsourced disaster recovery services. The IT function with the largest percentage of work outsourced is assister recovery services, accounting for 50 percent of total IT outsourcing. Mortifications see the benefit in having an outside party perform offset storage or maintenance of a recovery facility. Desktop support is the second most outsourced IT function (48 percent), followed closely by data center operations and help desk (47 percent each) and Web site or e-commerce systems (46 percent). IT security is at the bottom of the list, with only 29 percent of the work being outsourced. Even though application development and maintenance are frequently outsourced, they are a low percentage of the amount of total IT work outsourced. Application development and maintenance are often outsourced selectively since most organizations choose to do many projects in-house. 4 Procurement means acquiring goods and/or services from an outside source. The term procurement is Widely used in government; many private companies use the terms purchasing and outsourcing. Organizations or individuals who provide procurement services are referred to as suppliers, vendors, contractors, subcontractors, or sellers, with suppliers being the most widely used term. Many information technology projects involve the use of goods and services from outside he organization. As described in Chapter 2, outsourcing has become a hot topic for research and debate, especially the implication of outsourcing to other countries, referred to as offspring. The outsourcing statistics below are from an Information Technology Association of America (IOTA)-sponsored report: Spending for global sources of computer software and services is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of about 20 percent, increasing from about $1 5 billion in 2005 to $38 billion in 2010. Total savings from offshore resources diddling the same time period are estimated to grow from $8. Billion to $20. 4 billion. The cost savings and use of offshore resources lower inflation, increase productivity, and lower interest rates, which boosts business and consumer spending and increases economic activity. Chapter 12 Project Procurement Management Because outsourcing is a growing area, it is important for project managers to understand project procurement management. Many organizations are turning to outsourcing to: Reduce betrothed and recurrent costs. Outsourcing suppliers are often able to use economies of scale that may not be available to the client alone, especially for hardware and software. It can also be less expensive to outsource some labor costs to other organizations in the same country or offshore. Companies can also use outsourcing to reduce labor costs on projects by avoiding the costs of hiring, firing, and reassigning people to projects or paying their salaries when they are between projects. Allow the client organization to focus on its core business. Most organizations are not in business to provide information technology services, yet many have spent valuable time and resources on information technology functions when they should have focused on core competencies such as marketing, customer arrive, and new product design. By outsourcing many information technology functions, employees can focus on Jobs that are critical to the success of the organization. Access skills and technologies. Organizations can gain access to specific skills and technologies when they are required by using outside resources. For example, a project may require an expert in a particular field or require the use of expensive hardware or software for one particular month on a project. Planning for this procurement ensure that the needed skills or technology will be available for the project. Provide flexibility. Outsourcing to provide extra staff during periods of peak workloads can be much more economical than trying to staff entire projects with internal resources. Many companies cite quicker flexibility in staffing as a key reason for outsourcing. Increase accountability. A well-written contract-a mutually binding agreement that obligates the seller to provide the specified products or services and obligates the buyer to pay for them-can clarify responsibilities and sharpen focus on key deliverables of a project. Because contracts are legally binding, there is more accountability for delivering the work as stated in the contract. In December 2002, who organ Chase announced a sieving to MOM, both companies en- year, $5 billion deal too bragged that the contract w TTS med like a win-win situational would make money an gang Chase could push for innovation. The contract less than two years However, in September 200 egger fit with Comparing Chaises busting its existence because the pro news strategy. According to Austin rumination officer at Comparing Chi couture is best for the long-term gar We believe managing our own techno and success of our company as well a railroaders. However, IBM said he can contract was simply a result of Comparing Chaises merger earlier that year with Bank It tried to shrug off the loss of a large business deal. The combined firm found its an abundance of IT assets, IBM spokesperson James Icicles said. This decision w other business decisions related to the merger. 6 Outsourcing can also cause problems in other areas for companies and nations as a whole. For example, many people in Aus tralia are concerned about outsourcing software development. The Australian Computer Society says sending work offshore may lower ten under AT students entering II courses, deplete ten mummer AT Skilled IT professionals, and diminish the nations strategic technology capability. Another issue is security, which encompasses the protection of intellectual property, integrity of data, and the reliability of infrastructure in offshore locations. 7 The success of many information technology projects that use outside resources is often due to good project procurement management. Project procurement management includes the processes required to acquire goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization. Organizations can be either the buyer or the seller of products or services under a contract. There are four main processes in project procurement management: Organizations must also consider reasons they might not want to outsource. When an organization outsource work, it often does not have as much monitor over those aspects of projects that suppliers carry out. In addition, an organization could become too dependent on particular suppliers. If those suppliers went out of business or lost key personnel, it could cause great damage to a project. Organizations must also be careful to protect strategic information that could become vulnerable in the hands of suppliers. According to Scott McNealy, CEO of Sun Microsystems, Inc. , What you want to handle in-house is the stuff that gives you an edge over your competition-your core competencies. I call it your secret sauce. If youre on Wall Street and you have your own program for tracking and analyzing the market, youll hang onto that. At Sun, we have a complex program for testing microprocessor designs, and well keep it. 5 Project teams must think carefully about procurement issues and make wise decisions based on the unique needs of their projects and organizations. They can also change their minds on outsourcing as business conditions change. . 3. Planning procurements involves determining what to procure, when, and how. In procurement planning, one must decide what to outsource, determine the type of contract, and describe the work for potential sellers. Sellers are contractors, suppliers, or providers who provide goods and services to other organizations. Outputs of this process include a procurement management plan, statements of work, make-or-buy decisions, procurement documents, source selection criteria, and change requests. Conducting procurements involves obtaining seller responses, selecting sellers, and awarding contracts. Outputs include selected sellers, procurement contract awards, resource calendars, change requests, and updates to the project management plan and other project documents. Administering procurements involves managing relationships with sellers, monitoring contract performance, and malting changes as needed. The main outputs of this process Include procurement documents talon, organizational 4. Process asset updates, change requests, and project management plan updates. Closing procurements involves completion and settlement of each contract, including resolution of any open items. Outputs include closed procurements and organizational process asset updates. Figure 12-1 summarizes these processes and outputs, showing when they occur in a typical project. Planning Process: Plan procurements Outputs: Procurement management plan, procurement statements of work, make-or-buy decisions, procurement documents, source selection criteria, and change requests 466 Executing Process: Conduct procurements Outputs: Selected sellers, procurement contract award, resource calendars, change requests, project management plan updates, project document updates Monitoring and Controlling Process: Administer procurements Outputs: Procurement communication, organizational process asset updates, change requests, project management plan updates Closing Process: Close procurements Outputs: Closed procurements, organizational process asset updates Project Start Project Finish FIGURE 121 Project procurement management summary The Boots Company PLY, a Nottingham, England, outsourced its information t Tiber 2002. The Boots Company signed a ten-year d expected to save $203. 9 million over that period com systems itself. IBM managed and developed The Boots Comma cou ture from the mainframes to the tills in our 1,400 stores, to the co , said spokesperson Francis Thomas. More than 400 Boots employees we Vims payroll but continued to work at Boots head office, with extra IBM s n as needed. Thomas added, The great thing about this is that if IBM has an expert in Singapore and [if} we need that expertise, we can tap Into It Tort tender months. It Keeps our costs on an even Keel. 8 is not uncommon moon for long contracts to be renegotiated, becoming either shorter or longer in length. May 2006, Boots and IBM began discussing amendments to their contract because m of Boots IT infrastructure renewal program (including a new pharmacy system and roll) was complete. A Boots spokesman said that the many achieved its goal much quicker than planned. In contrast, in 2005 Boots renegotiated its EYE million, seven-yea IT contract it initially signed in 2002 with Sans, extending it for another two years to 2011 in a EYE million deal. 9 It is also not uncommon to take advantage of competition the changing marketplace for major procurements. In 2008, Boots announced that I have up to six different suppliers competing to supply its IT products and services ova next year. The company is keeping its business system management team and service management in-house? including helpless and project management. 10 Properly planning purchases and acquisitions and writing good contracts can also save organizations millions of dollars. Many companies centralize purchasing for products, such as personal computers, software, and printers, to earn special pricing discounts. For example, in the mid-asses the U. S. Air Force awarded a five-year, multimillion-dollar contract to automate 15 Air Force Systems Command bases. The project manager and contracting officer decided to allow for a unit pricing strategy for some items required in the contract, such as the workstations and printers. By not requiring everything to be negotiated at a fixed cost, the winning supplier lowered its final bid y more than $40 million. II Planning procurements involves identifying which project needs can best be met by using products or services outside the organization. It involves deciding whether to procure, how to procure, what to procure, how much to procure, and when to procure. An important output of this process is the make-or-buy decision. A make-or- buy decision is one in which an organization decides if it is in its best interests to make certain products or perform certain services inside the organization, or if it is better to buy them from an outside organization. If there is no need to buy any reduces or services from outside the organization, then there is no need to perform any of the other procurement management processes. For many projects, properly outsourcing some information technology functions can be a great investment, as shown in the following examples of What Went Right. Inputs needed for planning procurements include the scope baseline, requirements documentation, teaming agreements, the risk register, risk-related contract decisions, activity resource requirements, the project schedule, activity cost estimates, the cost performance baseline, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets. For example, a large clothing company might consider outsourcing the delivery of, maintenance of, and basic user training and support for laptops supplied to its international sales and marketing force. If there were suppliers who could provide this service well at a reasonable price, it would make sense to outsource, because this could reduce fixed and recurring costs for the clothing company and let them focus on their core business of selling clothes. It is important to understand why a company would want to procure goods or services Ana want Inputs are anemia to plan purchases and acquisitions. In the opening case, Marries company hired outside consultants to help complete an operating system conversion project because it needed people with specialized skills for a short period of time. This is a common occurrence in many information technology projects. It can be more effective to hire skilled consultants to perform specific tasks for a short period of time than to hire or keep employees on staff full time. However, it is also important to define clearly the scope of the project, the products, services, or results required, market conditions, and constraints and assumptions. In Marries case, the scope of the reject and services required were relatively clear, but her company may not have adequately discussed or documented the market conditions or constraints and assumptions involved in using the outside consultants. Were there many companies that provided consultants to do operating conversion projects similar to theirs? Did the project team investigate the background of the company that provided the consultants? Did they list important constraints and assumptions for using the consultants, such as limiting the time that the consultants had to complete the conversion project or the minimum years of experience for any consultant assigned o the project? It is very important to answer these types of questions before going into an outsourcing agreement. Dividing both sides by $400, you get: which means that the purchase cost equals the lease cost in 30 days. So, if you need the equipment for less than 30 days, it would be more economical to lease it. If you need the equipment for more than 30 days, you should purchase it. In general, leasing is often cheaper for meeting short-term needs, but more expensive for long- term needs. Expert Judgment Tools and Techniques for Planning Procurements There are several tools and techniques to help project managers and their teams in landing procurements, including make-or-buy analysis, expert Judgment, and contract types. Make-or-Buy Analysis Make-or-buy analysis is a general management technique used to determine whether an organization should make or perform a particular product or service inside the organization or buy from someone else. This form of analysis involves estimating the internal costs of providing a product or service and comparing that estimate to the cost of outsourcing. Consider a company that has 1,000 international salespeople with laptops. Using make-or-buy analysis, the company would compare en cost AT provoking tense services using Internal resources to ten cost AT Dulling those services from an outside source. If supplier quotes were less than its internal estimates, the company should definitely consider outsourcing the training and user support services. Another common make-or-buy decision, though more complex, is whether a company should develop an application itself or purchase software from an outside source and customize it to the companys needs. Many organizations also use make-or-buy analysis to decide if they should either purchase or lease items for a particular project. For example, suppose you need a piece of equipment for a project that has a purchase price of $12,000. Assume it also had a daily operational cost of $400. Suppose you could lease the same piece of equipment for $800 per day, including the operational costs. You can set up an equation in which the purchase cost equals the lease cost to determine when it makes sense financially to lease or buy the equipment. In this example, d = the number of days you need the piece of equipment. The equation would then be: Experts inside an organization and outside an organization could provide excellent advice in planning purchases and acquisitions. Project teams often need to consult experts within their organization as part of good business practice. Internal experts might suggest that the company in the above example could not provide quality training and user support for the 1,000 laptop users since the service involves so many people with different skill levels in so many different locations. Experts in the company might also know that most of their competitors outsource this type of work and know who the qualified outside suppliers are. It is also important to consult legal experts since contracts for outsourced work are legal agreements. Experts outside the company, including potential suppliers themselves, can also provide expert judgment. For example, suppliers might suggest an option for salespeople to purchase the laptops themselves at a reduced cost. This option would solve problems during employee turnover-exiting employees would own their laptops and new employees would purchase a laptop through the program. An internal expert might then suggest that employees receive a technology bonus to help offset what they might view as an added expense. Expert Judgment, both internal and external, is an asset in making many procurement decisions. Types of Contracts $80th = $12,000 + $40th Subtracting $40th from both sides, you get: $40th = $12,000 Contract type is an important consideration. Different types of contracts can be used in different situations. Three broad categories of contracts are fixed price or lump sum, cost reimbursable, and time and material. A single contract can actually include all three of these categories, if it makes sense for that particular procurement. For example, you could have a contract with a seller that includes purchasing specific hardware for a fixed price or lump sum, some services that are provided on a cost lampshades Dados, Ana-eaten services Tanat are approver on a tale Ana material basis. Project managers and their teams must understand and decide which approaches to use to meet their particular project needs. It is also important to understand when and how you can take advantage of unit pricing in contracts. Fixed- price or lump-sum contracts involve a fixed total price for a well-defined product or service. The buyer incurs little risk in this situation since the price is predetermined. The sellers often pad their estimate somewhat to reduce their risk, realizing their rice must still be competitive. For example, a company could award a fixed-price contract to purchase 100 laser printers with a certain print resolution and print speed to be delivered to one location within two months.

East asia and the socialist experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

East asia and the socialist experience - Essay Example The 1921 Korean Communist Manifesto thus stated in relevant part that: In the experience of Korean communism, the Japanese annexation of Korea and its imposition of colonial rule is just an example of capitalist exploitation and imperialism. Japan's claim of colonizing Korea under the pretext of helping Korea to modernize was thus not unnatural or unrealistic. This is because, Japan represents the capitalist bourgeoisie and Korea represents the proletariat who are being exploited. The natural tendency is the bourgeoisie to exploit and it is only when the proletariat fight for their emancipation that they can be free from the exploitative powers of the bourgeoisie. These Marxist notions of class struggle reverberate strongly in the Korean experience of communism. The fight against Japanese colonization was thus a fight of the proletariat against the capitalist bourgeoisie - the colonizing Japanese - and was seen in the Korean experience of communism as being in keeping with the teachings of Marxism. The struggle against the colonizing Japanese however reflected only one aspect of the struggle against the bourgeoisie. In a wider sense, the Korean Communist Party saw its fight against the capitalist bourgeoisie in a universal light. The 1921 manifesto for instance states that: "Our national emanc... ipation movement is merely a step to the ultimate purpose of social revolution, and we are striving for the complete elimination of all of the classes of our present society. This is our belief and, at the same time, the common objective of all the toiling masses of the world. Thus, our enemy is all the exploiting classes of the world, as well as the Japanese militarists and financiers, and all the masses who share the common fate under the oppressions of the ruling class must unite their efforts." (cited in Suh 1970, 27)2 The motif of the class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie is consequently not a localised struggle in Korea alone. It is part of a fraternity of international movements that aim to bring an end to all forms of bourgeoisie exploitation. Korean communism is thus seen as an essential microcosm playing its necessary part in the wider macrocosm of effecting social change through a communist revolution. Hence the enemy is not only the Japanese colonizers but "all the exploiting classes of the world". (cited in Suh 1970, 27)3 The 1921 Manifesto of the Korean Communist Party thus extended a hand of fraternity and goodwill to other communist parties and movements in Russia, China, and even in Japan (i.e. the Japanese Communist Party) It is note worthy that the fight against capitalism was not laid to rest even after the overthrow of Japanese rule in Korea after World War II. Sung (1955)4 saw American involvement in South Korea as a perpetuation of the capitalist agenda. Consequently, just as the communist movement in Korea fought against the Japanese, they were duty bound to fight against the American 'imperialists' as well. Also, the localised or domestic class struggle in the Korean experience of communism had totalitarian implications on

Business Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Project Management - Essay Example Project management process involves four major functions. These are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning is the first stage of project management process and evaluation of a project is done in wide areas of the project i.e. cost required, future cash flow, possible risks etc. Project life cycle estimation is also important activity in this stage. Second stage of project management process is organizing. In this stage, the required resources are organized like capital, labour, material, equipment and facilities etc. Capital refers to both the initial investment and fund required for management working capital. Leading is the third stage project management process and it is very much crucial for completion of a project with quality work and ensuring deadline. The main objective of leading is to ensure right job to right people and motivating them to get best output. Controlling is the final stage of project management process where the project is continuously monitor ed. Progress of the project is evaluated and compared with the proposed project progress plan. Developing effective strategies and change of ineffective strategies of project development is main part of controlling a project (Smith, L. 2003, p.4). Therefore, overall objective of project management should be performing these four project management functions very efficiently and effectively in an organized framework. This is the job of a project manager. To complete or continue a successful project, the project manager needs to be planned and executed for each small stage of the overall project. This will help to develop and implement contingence in critical situation during project development process. Discussion Answer 1 Resources Resource is one of the most important primary objectives of a project. It includes mainly people, material and equipment i.e. the major non financial resources. Availability of skilled employees is one of the main focused areas of businesses because skill , knowledge and experience of employees have substantial impact on quality output and progress of a project. Again, sufficient supply of people leads to low wage rate and total wage of a project and vice-versa. Therefore, this important resource needs to evaluate at the planning stage of project management process so that project deadline, cost and quality work can be ensured. Next important resource is equipment which is very necessary to do the project task or activities. Technology plays a great role in this resource as use of hi-technology equipment reduces completion time or faster production and more output. Again, the employees also need to very much familiar with the advanced technology equipments as they need to operate the equipments efficiently to ensure better output. Material is another important resource of project as it is needed to produce the products. Therefore, sufficient and continuous supply of raw material is necessary for project. Material is necessary for bot h construction and production unit projects. Time Time is one important factor of project management. Project deadline and progress of a project can be ensured by efficient time management. It includes working hour of the employees and daily, weekly or monthly work progress. Again, time management can be aided by using tools, techniques and skills to accomplishing specific work activity or goal within due date. Therefore, to develop specific goal or work target, minimum time need to be considered to reduce total

Yahoo and Amazon Essay Example for Free

Yahoo and Amazon Essay 1. Describe, in brief, the histories of both of Amazon.com and Yahoo.com, and determine the core business of each. Yahoo and Amazon have been seeking to have a competitive advantage for years. Since they were incorporated, the companies have experienced a mix of challenges and success as they strive to gain market share. To start with, Yahoo was established in 1995. Yahoo is one of the global technology companies that compete for the growing number online users in the recent world. The company delivers digital content and experiences on various platforms including mobile devices. Furthermore, the company provides properties and online services. Marketing services is a major business for the company. Generally, the company earns revenues from text-based links to advertisers, search advertising, display advertising, and other essential sources. The company has five core segments that include Search and Market Places, Communications and Communities, Developers and Platform Offerings, Advertise and Publisher offerings and Services, and Media. Lastly, the company has operations in approximately 60 countries. Nonetheless, Amazon was incorporated in 1995. It offers online retailing services to customers across the world. Amazon focuses on convenience, selection, and price. In addition to the direct retailing services, the company allows other small and medium sized businesses to sell their products through the company’s websites. The customers and business are able to complete their orders and transactions in Amazon’s websites. Other individuals such as authors, musicians, and filmmakers are also able to sell their products using the same platform. Millions of products are offered through the website. The website may be accessed through PCs, and even mobile applications. The core segments of the company include the International segment, and the North American segment. Generally, the company has witnessed substantial growth since its inception. The success of the company may be attributed to the strategic actions  implemented by Jeffrey Bezos, the founder of the company (Amit, 2012). The next section will illustrate the strategic difference between the companies. 2. Determine the key strategic differences that have impacted the relative success of both Amazon.com and Yahoo.com. Provide two (2) specific examples of such strategic differences to support the response. The strategic actions undertaken by the company would determine the success of the company (Coulson-Thomas, 2013). Yahoo and Amazon have implemented different strategic actions since their establishment. On the fore, Yahoo core business does not involve direct retailing. Yahoo provides a platform for business people who engage in e-commerce. From the sales earned in the Yahoo stores, the company is able to earn commission. Particularly, the company’s core business involves advertising and marketing services. This contributes to a huge chunk of the company’s revenues. As far as human resources are concerned, Yahoo employees do not have a high level of autonomy as compared to the situation in Amazon. Yahoo coordinates with entertainment content providers and media in improving their website. They do not invest in the employees in enhancing creativity and innovation as compared to Amazon. On the other hand, Amazon has a different approach as far as online retailing is concerned. Initially, the company was involves in selling books in its websites. No other business used the website to sell or market its services. Amazon engaged directly with its customers. In the initial years of the company, this was an effective strategy. The company was a monopoly in the online book selling. This created a barrier for potential entrant. However, with the improvement in technology the company had to diversify its operations in order to sustain its position in the market. Other competitors were reaping big from diversified products; hence, the need for the company to similarly expand its operations. Therefore, the company had to modify its operations to fits to the growing market for online retailing. 3. Compare and contrast the approach to strategic planning that each company has pursued in order to achieve a competitive advantage. Focus specifically on both intended and emergent strategies. Strategic planning is an important step for any company that seeks to gain a competitive advantage in the market. There is need for the company’s management to set out plans and strategic actions in achieving the organization’s goals and objectives (Hill, 2013). An effective designed  strategic planning process would steer the company to success. Basically, there are intended and emergent strategies. The intended strategies are those that the companies hope to implement. The effective implementation of the intended strategies would lead to the realized strategies. On the other hand, emergent strategies are those that are not planned for by the management. They are unexpected and are always as a result of competitors actions. In the case of Amazon and Yahoo, both intended and emergent strategies were implemented in achieving competitive advantage. One of the emergent strategies that Amazon implemented is the diversification strategy. The Company allows other businesses to sell their products in the company’s website. This provides a variety of products and services for customers. The diversification strategy was in response to the increasing competition from businesses that equally have diversified portfolio. Nonetheless, the level of product diversification in Yahoo is not commensurate to that of Amazon. The company offers space for other businesses to sell their products through its website. However, the company itself does not engage in direct selling of the products. The company has various features in its website ranging from games, emailing, to financial news updates. The main aim of the company in providing a variety of features in its website is increasing traffic. More traffic in the company’s website implies that there will be more clients demanding the advertising services of the company. In increasing its popularity in the market, the company invested in aggressive advertising. Next, both companies have invested in expansion strategy. With increase in globalization, there is potential market for online retailing. Amazon has an international segment, which focuses on the global market. Lastly, Yahoo and Amazon have different approaches on employees’ motivation. Am azon employs a participative approach whereas Yahoo is mainly autocratic. Amazon employees are free to make decisions that concern new ideas and the success of the company. This has been critical for the success of the company. 4. Analyze the manner in which each company’s distinctive competencies help to shape the strategies that each company pursues. Provide a rationale to support the response. Distinctive and core competencies are essential in transforming the strategies of the companies (Mellat-Parast, 2013). Effective strategic  implementation depends on the distinctive competencies. On the fore, Amazon has various distinctive competencies that have assisted it in shaping its strategies. The technology experts of the company have been critical in its strategic implementation. Innovation being essential for the company, the technology experts has improving the service provision quality. The websites have been effectively designed to meet the customer’s needs and requirements. Another distinctive competency involves the association program. Allowing other enterprises to conduct business in its website has been significant for the company’s diversification strategy. Therefore, the association program has shaped the company’s diversification strategy. On the other hand, Yahoo has various distinctive competencies that have played a role in its strategic planning. As pointed out earlier, the company’s website host a range of service. This is essential in improving the number of visitors in its website. With respect to this, the companys marketing strategy has been shaped by the distinct website. Furthermore, the company’s expansion and diversification strategies are supported by the numerous services offered in its website. The company has also been effective in forming strategic partnerships, for instance, the collaboration with Microsoft. The partnerships have gone a long way in reducing the company’s operating expenses despite the numerous challenges and competition. 5. Recommend one (1) functional level strategy for each company which prescribes the essential ways in which each may achieve superior efficiency, quality, innovation, and customer responsiveness. Provide a rationale to support the response. The functional level strategies are effective in achieving the business and corporate level strategies. They are implemented at the operational level, and directly involve the employees. I would recommend an effective marketing strategy for Amazon. The company is in a competitive environment with eBay being its largest competitor. Amazon should ensure that its products are offered at a low price as part of its marketing strategy. For instance, the company should offer discounts or free shipping with an aim of attracting more customers. They should be speedy delivery of the products in order to earn superior efficiency. The response to customer complaints and inquiries should also be fast. This would improve the company’s competitiveness. Nonetheless, I would recommend both a human resource and marketing strategy  for Yahoo. The company’s competitiveness has been low in the recent years. The company should invest in recruitment of skilled personnel that would contribute in enhancing its research and development. Furthermore, the management should allow for independent decision making. This would reinforce the innovation strategy since independent decision making promotes creativity. Next, the company should modify its marketing strategy to meet the needs of the current dynamic environment. More emphasis should be on social media marketing. This approach is cheaper and has a wider coverage (Amit, 2012). The company may be close to prospective customers through Facebook, twitter, and YouTube. References Amit, R. . (2012). Creating value through business model innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53(3), 41-49. Coulson-Thomas, C. (2013). Implementing strategies and policies. , . Strategic Direction, 29(3), 33-35. doi:doi:10.1108/02580541311304643 Hill, C. . (2013). Strategic management: An integrated approach (10th ed.). Independence, KY: Cengage. Mellat-Parast, M. (2013). Supply chain quality management. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 30(5), 511-529. doi:10.1108/02656711311315495

Prisoners of War Essay -- War Hostage Violence Government Essays

Prisoners of War The United States angers terrorists and other foreigners on a daily basis, but we find it hard to understand why. Examples abound and most often relate to ignorant decisions on behalf of the government concerning the welfare of these foreigners. The situation on the island of Cuba at the Naval Station of Guantà ¡namo Bay has grown out of hand. Here, the U.S. holds the prisoners that it has captured as part of its war on terrorism in a camp. They hold ver 600 men there without contact with their home countries or families and without the legal consultation of a lawyer. President Bush classifies these prisoners as â€Å"enemy combatants† and the U.S. says that for this reason they can withhold their rights unlike a normal prisoner in the case of wars (Jost). During an election year such as the current one, cases such as these must be taken into consideration before electing or maintaining a leader that might choose to find ways to bend the rules on human rights. The detainees of Guantà ¡namo Bay have their rights as prisoners of war denied and the U.S. does not define them as such. Much evidence to suggest otherwise includes the type of enemies included in the detainees and the international laws suggested in the Geneva Conventions. The U.S. has done nothing illegal based upon the international laws that it has adopted. However, one rends to question whether the laws adopted or not adopted by the U.S. rightfully define the prisoners based upon what has been laid out by the founding fathers of America. We can hardly assume that they do. Before anyone can make judgments upon the rights of the detainees, it must first be decided upon what these men can and cannot be considered. The men held at Guantà ¡namo... ... to the Treatment of Prisoners of War.† Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2002. On-line. Internet. 22 Feb. 2004. <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/91.htm>. "Geneva Convention."Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. 22 Feb. 2004 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=37105>. "Guerrilla." Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. 22 Feb. 2004 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=39163>. Jost, Kenneth. "Civil Liberties Debates." The CQ Researcher Online 13.37 (2003). 22 February 2004 <http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher>. Martin, Peter W. â€Å"U.S. Constitution-Bill of Rights.† 14 March. 1993: On-line. Internet. 22 Feb. 2004. < http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.billofrights.html>. â€Å"Rumsfeld defends Guantanamo.† Tapei Times. 15 Feb. 2004, pg. 7.

Digital Crime and Terrorism Essay

Abstract The use of the Internet for criminal purpose is one of the most critical challenges facing the FBI and law enforcement in general. Understanding and using the Internet to combat Internet Fraud is essential for law enforcement. The fraud being committed over the Internet is the same Type of white collar fraud the FBI has traditionally investigated but poses additional concerns And Challenges, because of the new environment in which it is located. The Internet is a perfect vehicle to locate victims and provide the environment where the victims Don’t see or speak to the fraudulent. The Internet environment often creates a false sense of Security among users leading them to check out opportunities found on the Internet less Thoroughly than they might otherwise. Computer crime poses a daunting task for law Enforcement agencies because they are highly Technical crimes. Law enforcement agencies must Have individuals trained in computer science or computer forensics in order to properly to Properly investigate computer crimes. Computer crime is defined as any person that violates any Of the provisions of the following; unauthorized access to a computer system, Theft of computer Services, Interruption of computer Services, Misuses of computer system information, and Destruction of computer equipment. The general heading of computer crime can potentially Cover an array of offense by examining several existing definitions of computer crime, as well as Elements suggested as essential, some Have defined computer crime as any offense that uses or Somehow involves a computer. Role of Internet and crime The growth of the Internet has improved our economy, medicine and technology. Unfortunately, it has brought new opportunities for criminal activity, as well. Often, people Think cyber-crime simply refers to hacking, viruses and other intrusion tactics. Cyber- crime, However, threatens more than our businesses, economy or national infrastructure. Cyber- crime Affects us individuals, as well. Reprehensible crimes, such as child pornography and cyber Stalking, terrorize our children and our families. At the first hearing in this series, on May 24th, the Texas Deputy Attorney General for Criminal Justice testified that, quote, †One of the biggest problems is that computer criminals are targeting The most vulnerable of our society, children.† He pointed out that, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, child pornography was virtually extinct prior to the advent of the Internet. Now it is a serious plague on our society that must be stopped. Adults also experience the dark side of the Internet revolution. Using computer technology, Criminal types steal life savings and even identities of unsuspecting individuals. These pose Serious threats to the lives and the livelihoods of many individuals. But in addressing these areas Of crime, law-enforcement officers face several challenges. Identifying a sophisticated criminal Can be difficult. Once they are identified, bringing a criminal to justice may be problematic for Jurisdictional reasons. The criminal may be in a different State or even another country, and then law enforcement Officials must deal with extradition issues. Also, retrieving the information stored on a computer And using it for prosecution may be difficult if it requires highly technical skills not normally Taught to investigators or prosecutors. As long as there is technology, cybercrime will exist, yet Cybercrime must be curtailed as much as possible so that technology can legitimately continue To enrich our lives and strengthen our economy. Congress understands that law-enforcement officials must have the appropriate training and Equipment to fight fire with fire, or computer technology with computer technology; but Law-enforcement must remain cognizant of the need to protect the law-abiding publics Privacy while protecting the public. The public must understand that law-enforcement does need To use technology to deal with this new emerging threat to our children, our economy and our National security. Under current law, law-enforcement authorities must apply for the identical order in multiple Jurisdictions, causing burdens and delays that benefit no one but criminals. Congress should look At the possibility of a single order that would cover these kinds of requests comprehensively. Over the last decade, use of computers and the Internet has grown exponentially. Indeed, for Many individuals it is an integral part of their daily lives. With little more than a click of a Mouse, people can communicate, transfer information, engage in commerce, and expand their Educational opportunities. Unfortunately, criminals exploit these same technologies to commit Crimes and harm the safety, security, and privacy of us all. Indeed, as more people go online, More criminals are realizing that online crime can be lucrative, especially given the amount of Valuable commercial and personal information now being stored electronically. So-called †cybercrime† can be divided into two categories. On the one hand, we are seeing the Migration of †traditional† crimes from the physical to the online world. These crimes include Threats, child pornography, fraud, gambling, extortion, and theft of intellectual property. Simply Put, criminals are migrating online because they can reach more victims quickly, can collaborate With other criminals, can disguise their identities, and can use the global nature of the Internet to Remain anonymous. On the other hand, the Internet has spawned an entirely new set of criminal Activity that targets computer networks them. Included in this category are such crimes as Hacking, releasing viruses, and shutting down computers by flooding them with unwanted Information (so-called †denial of service† attacks). Our vulnerability to—and the damages caused By—this type of crime are astonishingly high. For example, in May of last year, the †I Love You† Virus began to infect computers on the Internet. Within a short period of time, it had disrupted the communications of hundreds of Thousands of computers, causing losses estimated in the billions of dollars. Virus demonstrated a new capability: when it infected a computer, it accessed the users Computer passwords and sent them electronically to a computer in a foreign country. The Implications of this virus—and the many viruses that have followed it—are staggering. In March of this year, the FBI’s National Infrastructure Protection Center issued a warning that An organized group of hackers from Russia and Eastern Europe had committed a series of Intrusions into more than forty banks and e-commerce companies in the United States. The Hackers stole over 1,000,000 credit card numbers from the companies’ data bases. They then Embarked on extortion of many of the companies, threatening to disclose confidential Information or damage the victims’ computer systems. Evidence suggests that the hackers then Sold many of the credit card numbers to organized crime groups. This crime—the investigation into which the Treasury Department participated and which has to Date resulted in two arrests—has grave implications. Not only did it cause financial losses for The Companies, but it harmed the privacy and security of the ordinary citizens whose credit Cards numbers and personal data were stolen. Individuals victimized by these sorts of Rightfully Fear the ramifications of criminals’ gaining access to their private financial and Personal data. This type of crime strikes at the confidence of consumers, threatening the vital Growth of e-commerce. Network crimes not only affect the security of individuals and businesses, they can also threaten Our nation’s critical infrastructures. Our power and water supply systems, telecommunications Networks, financial sector, and critical government services, such as emergency and national Defense services, all rely on computer networks. Cyber terrorist, the same devastating result could be achieved by hacking into the control Network and commanding the computer to open the floodgates. This is not a purely hypothetical Scenario. Several years ago, a juvenile hacker gained unauthorized access to the computers Controlling the operations of the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. Although there are as yet no definitive statistics on the scope of the problem, there is no doubt That the number of crimes involving computers and the Internet is rising dramatically. For Example, the CERT Coordination Center, which was created to warn about computer attacks and Viruses, received over 21,000 network crime incident reports last year. This is more than double The number of reports it received the year before. Similarly, a survey conducted by the FBI and The Computer Security Institute recently revealed substantial increases in computer crime. Over 85 percent of the companies and government agencies surveyed reported computer security Breaches within the preceding twelve months, up from 70 percent last year. Moreover, Researchers at the University of California at San Diego recently reported a methodology that Enabled them to count the numbers of denial of service attacks. Their research revealed that 4,000 attacks occur every week. Responding to these threats is a daunting challenge. From my perspective, as I begin my assessment of our cybercrime efforts and the direction they Should take in the future, at least three themes or elements seem to emerge as particularly? Important to success in confronting cybercrime: developing specialized expertise, building Teamwork and partnerships, and assuring we have legal authorities which are both effective and Appropriate in the unique and ever-evolving setting of computers and the Internet. DEVELOPING SPECIALIZED EXPERTISE Combating computer crime requires a team of professionals, including investigators, forensic Experts, and prosecutors, all of whom have technical expertise. In addition to traditional Investigative skills, cybercrime investigators must be well versed in the intricacies of technology To insure that evidence is not lost or overlooked. Forensic experts must know how to handle Electronic evidence to protect its integrity for later use at trial, as well as how to recover and Analyze digital evidence from computers with hard drives that store gigabytes of data. And Prosecutors must understand the jargon and complexities of high-technology crimes and be able To translate technical evidence into a form understandable to a judge and jury. United States law enforcement agencies have devoted significant resources to developing cadres Of investigators and forensic experts who have the specialized skills needed for cybercrime Investigations. The FBI and Secret Service, which have particularly important investigative Responsibilities with respect to Internet and computer-related crimes, have certainly been in the A particularly important aspect of developing, and then sharing expertise in the field is the Nationwide network of federal prosecutors called Computer and Telecommunications Coordinators (or †CTCs†)—at least one from each district—who serve as the district’s Prosecutorial expert on computer crime cases. The CTC initiative was started by CCIPS in 1995, And has been strongly supported by our U.S. Attorneys. CCIPS trains and supports these Coordinators specially, so that they, in turn, can serve as a resource for their offices and the law Enforcement authorities and concerned industry in their regions of the country. In the Criminal Division, specialized expertise in combating cybercrime is not confined to CCIPS. Other sections have developed this expertise as traditional forms of criminality have Moved onto the Internet. For example, the Department has seen dramatic growth in various types of fraudulent online Schemes, and the Criminal Division’s Fraud Section has played a critical role in the Justice Department’s response, including overseeing a Department-wide Internet Fraud Initiative begun In 1999. Its work to date has included (1) advising and supporting federal prosecutors throughout The country, including maintenance of an Internet fraud brief bank; (2) developing specialized Training on Internet fraud for courses at the Department’s National Advocacy Center; (3) Publishing extensive materials on the Department’s website, www.internetfraud.usdoj.gov, in Order to promote public understanding of Internet fraud schemes and how to deal with them; and (4) Supporting improvements in federal agencies’ investigative and analytical resources, Including the Internet Fraud Complaint Center, a joint project of the FBI and the National Collar Crime Center. The Department has also been involved in the related problem of identity Theft, in part by providing national coordination of governmental efforts through the Identity Theft Subcommittee of the Attorney General’s Council on White Collar Crime. Of course, one of the most disturbing facets of cybercrime is the exploitation and abuse of Children, whether through distribution of child pornography over the Internet or through the Horrific conduct of sexual predators that operate online. The FBI, the U.S. Attorneys’ Offices, And the Division’s Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section have developed special expertise In Investigating and prosecuting these crimes and currently devote significant resources to the Online aspects of child pornography and luring cases. Moreover, in this area and others, the Department’s Office of Legal Education, in conjunction with various components of the Criminal Division regularly sponsors classes regarding computer crime and electronic evidence. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS As I noted at the beginning of my statement, the second element which seems particularly Important to our efforts against cybercrime is partnership building. Of course, from years as a Prosecutor, I know that teamwork is essential to any successful crime-fighting effort. But it Strikes me that in the area of cybercrime the need for effective partnerships, is not only Especially important but also requires partnerships well outside the traditional law enforcement Community. The complexity of cybercrime and the breadth, or potential breadth of its Impact, are part of the reason. However, another factor is the diversity of interests at play in the Cyber-world, and hence in our efforts to combat cybercrime. These include, among others, law Enforcement Interests, national security interests, privacy interests, and Commercial interests. Partnership, or at least dialogue, we will allow those interests to conflict and collide in ways Destructive of our efforts to combat cybercrime. VIRUSES AND MALICOUS CODE Viruses and malicious code are simply programs and like any other program, are designed for a Specific function. A virus or malicious code program is written for a variety of noncriminal Purposes including advertisements, jokes, and political messages, however, less humorous and More malicious intentions include destroying data, information, information acquisition, and Identity theft, surreptitious control of a remote machine, or the shutdown of a legitimate business Or website. The virus is executed by some type of payload trigger, which causes the virus or Malicious code to deliver its contents or execute its commands. The trigger can be something The user does, such as opening an email attachment or downloading a file, it can be triggered By some event such as date or condition on a computer, or it can self- execute based on code Written into the virus program. PHISHING The term phishing means the fraudulent attempt to get a person’s private information (i.e. Username, password, account number, etc.).   Phishers send an email pretending to be from a legitimate company and ‘bait’ you to provide your Private information. Typically the email will address you as a customer and will direct you to Click on a link to provide critical information to avoid a looming problem which they have Discovered. This link will be to a false website – not the website of the legitimate company. Basically, they are ‘fishing’ for people’s information to use illegally. Phishing is a very Sophisticated scam and many individuals and companies have been fooled, resulting in the theft ‘Of their sensitive information as well as millions of dollars every year. The email is usually designed to look like it is sent from a real company. The ‘bait’ for personal Information is often contained in the email’s subject line. The subject usually contains a sense of Urgency. For example, it will read in one’s inbox â€Å"Your account needs to be verified† or â€Å"Your Account is about to be suspended.† CONCLUSION It is important to note that computer security is always dependent on the weakest link in the Chain. Security on the Internet and exposure to a potential attack is contingent upon the security Or lack thereof, of other parts of the network. It is also important to note that there is an Increasing number of dedicated infrastructure attacks. The interdependency of systems connected To the Internet used to carry out day-to-day business is ever growing and increasingly being Relied upon by variety of businesses, governments, and a numerous of other operations. There are four categories DDoS, worms, attacks on the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) And attacks against or using routers. Any attacks describe from my research could lead to Denial Of Service, compromise of sensitive or personal information, misinformation, and an extreme Economic impact, largely from lost revenue and the time and resources necessary to recover. Reference Second Edition Digital Crime and Digital Terrorist (Robert W. Taylor, Eric J. Fritsch, John Liederbach, and Thomas J. Holt) www.pearsonhighered.com Grossman, M. (Feb. 1999) â€Å"Cyber terrorism† http://www.mgrossmanlaw.com/articles/1999.cyberterrorism.htm Computer Security Policy and Research Institute. http.//www.cpi.seas.gwu.edu/aboutus.html www.research.ibm.com/antivirus www.internetfraud.usdoj.gov